LTspiceIV Models
- Mike H
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#1 LTspiceIV Models
Valve Rectifiers
You already know about these. Symbol is for a full-wave rectifier (3 electrodes). Heater not shown (ignored).
Should be debugged now. Any problems let me know. Models incorporate Voltage variable anode resistance as like Duncan's models, PLUS, Cak capacitances, PLUS, > reverse max. PIV and forward Vmax breakdown ('flash-over' ? )
Includes: GZ34, 5AR4, 5U4G, GZ37, U54, 6X5GT, EZ80, EZ81, 5V3A, 5V4GA, 5Y3GT, 6AL5, 6D22S, EB91, EAA91
Go to All Valves.zip
http://www.audio-talk.co.uk/phpBB2/view ... 1641#41641
.
You already know about these. Symbol is for a full-wave rectifier (3 electrodes). Heater not shown (ignored).
Should be debugged now. Any problems let me know. Models incorporate Voltage variable anode resistance as like Duncan's models, PLUS, Cak capacitances, PLUS, > reverse max. PIV and forward Vmax breakdown ('flash-over' ? )
Includes: GZ34, 5AR4, 5U4G, GZ37, U54, 6X5GT, EZ80, EZ81, 5V3A, 5V4GA, 5Y3GT, 6AL5, 6D22S, EB91, EAA91
Go to All Valves.zip
http://www.audio-talk.co.uk/phpBB2/view ... 1641#41641
.
Last edited by Mike H on Fri Feb 12, 2010 12:35 pm, edited 3 times in total.
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
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#2
LM317 Regulator
Found on the Internet.
Is not just a simulation of what it does, is actually a model of the complete circuit on the chip! At time of writing haven't tested it yet though.
Attachment removed due to it doesn't work, see newer post further down page
.
Found on the Internet.
Is not just a simulation of what it does, is actually a model of the complete circuit on the chip! At time of writing haven't tested it yet though.
Attachment removed due to it doesn't work, see newer post further down page
.
Last edited by Mike H on Fri Dec 18, 2009 6:46 pm, edited 1 time in total.
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
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#3
Relays
6V single-pole change-over and 12V single-pole and double-pole change-over relays. Coil resistance: 6V, 95R; 12V, 230R. Coils are actual spice inductors (100 & 150mH respectively). So need a back-EMF clamping diode if switching with a transistor!
6V single-pole change-over and 12V single-pole and double-pole change-over relays. Coil resistance: 6V, 95R; 12V, 230R. Coils are actual spice inductors (100 & 150mH respectively). So need a back-EMF clamping diode if switching with a transistor!
- Attachments
-
- Relays.zip
- (3.22 KiB) Downloaded 2328 times
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
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#4
Filament Lamp
Found on the Internet. Symbol slightly modified by me.
An incandescent filament lamp. (default: 12V 1 Watt indicator lamp) So what, well with a bit of tweaking may be used to simulate a valve heater filament. Includes cold to hot filament resistance changes.
Edit ~ corrected for timestep errors 18/06/2010 (albeit occasional)
Found on the Internet. Symbol slightly modified by me.
An incandescent filament lamp. (default: 12V 1 Watt indicator lamp) So what, well with a bit of tweaking may be used to simulate a valve heater filament. Includes cold to hot filament resistance changes.
Edit ~ corrected for timestep errors 18/06/2010 (albeit occasional)
- Attachments
-
- Filament Lamp.zip
- (1.84 KiB) Downloaded 2264 times
Last edited by Mike H on Fri Jun 18, 2010 10:10 pm, edited 1 time in total.
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
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#5
Voltage Dependent Resistor (VDR), or Varistor
I made this. There is a standard LTspice varistor model but not realistic, has a sharp threshold like a Zener.
This model does not cut off dead at the critical Voltage like a Zener.
Below the knee Voltage (VBO), current may be miniscule, but still variable with Voltage. At VBO, current is 1mA (the basic spec is that VBO = the Voltage at which it will pass 1mA).
The applied Voltage may be greater than VBO (unlike a Zener), but current increases exponentially. E.g at about 1.6 times VBO it's about 10 Amps. In truth is only faithful to real example varistor behaviour up to about 1 Amp.
I made this. There is a standard LTspice varistor model but not realistic, has a sharp threshold like a Zener.
This model does not cut off dead at the critical Voltage like a Zener.
Below the knee Voltage (VBO), current may be miniscule, but still variable with Voltage. At VBO, current is 1mA (the basic spec is that VBO = the Voltage at which it will pass 1mA).
The applied Voltage may be greater than VBO (unlike a Zener), but current increases exponentially. E.g at about 1.6 times VBO it's about 10 Amps. In truth is only faithful to real example varistor behaviour up to about 1 Amp.
- Attachments
-
- Varistor-model.zip
- (1.16 KiB) Downloaded 2359 times
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
#6
Top man, good place to put these. Keep them coming.
Maybe we should point you at the valve models and curve capture software...
http://www.normankoren.com/Audio/Tubemo ... ticle.html
Maybe we should point you at the valve models and curve capture software...
http://www.normankoren.com/Audio/Tubemo ... ticle.html
Whenever an honest man discovers that he's mistaken, he will either cease to be mistaken or he will cease to be honest.
- Mike H
- Amstrad Tower of Power
- Posts: 20285
- Joined: Sat Oct 04, 2008 5:38 pm
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#7
TIP142 And TIP147 Darlington Power Transistors
Found on the Internet.
Model follows actual internal structure of real ones with two transistors and emitter shunt resistors, plus reverse protection diode across C and E.
TIP142 = npn, TIP147 = pnp
Vce = 100; Vcb = 100; Ic = 10A; Hfe = 1000
TO-220 case, 80 Watts; TO-247 case, 125 Watts
Edit ~ modified 18/06/2010 to more closely represent the actual devices according to datasheet, mainly internal resistor values and Hfe
.
Found on the Internet.
Model follows actual internal structure of real ones with two transistors and emitter shunt resistors, plus reverse protection diode across C and E.
TIP142 = npn, TIP147 = pnp
Vce = 100; Vcb = 100; Ic = 10A; Hfe = 1000
TO-220 case, 80 Watts; TO-247 case, 125 Watts
Edit ~ modified 18/06/2010 to more closely represent the actual devices according to datasheet, mainly internal resistor values and Hfe
.
- Attachments
-
- TIP142-147.zip
- (2.44 KiB) Downloaded 2457 times
Last edited by Mike H on Fri Jun 18, 2010 10:17 pm, edited 1 time in total.
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
- Amstrad Tower of Power
- Posts: 20285
- Joined: Sat Oct 04, 2008 5:38 pm
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#8
Ta muchly..Nick wrote:Top man, good place to put these. Keep them coming.
Eeek ...Maybe we should point you at the valve models and curve capture software...
Not tonite Josephine! Any chance I can get to bed before 2 AM this time
.
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
- Amstrad Tower of Power
- Posts: 20285
- Joined: Sat Oct 04, 2008 5:38 pm
- Location: The Fens
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#9
Silicon Bridge Rectifier
Integrated silicon bridge rectifier, 600V 4A. E.g. like GBU4A inline type.
Edit ~ modified 18/06/2010 to use simplified diode models, less chance of timestep errors. In theory....
Integrated silicon bridge rectifier, 600V 4A. E.g. like GBU4A inline type.
Edit ~ modified 18/06/2010 to use simplified diode models, less chance of timestep errors. In theory....
- Attachments
-
- Bridge Rectifer.zip
- (1.01 KiB) Downloaded 2244 times
Last edited by Mike H on Fri Jun 18, 2010 10:18 pm, edited 1 time in total.
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
- Amstrad Tower of Power
- Posts: 20285
- Joined: Sat Oct 04, 2008 5:38 pm
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#10
Fuse Symbol
Edit ~ Modified
Go to new version actual working fuses lib:
http://www.audio-talk.co.uk/phpBB2/view ... 1688#41688
.
Edit ~ Modified
Go to new version actual working fuses lib:
http://www.audio-talk.co.uk/phpBB2/view ... 1688#41688
.
Last edited by Mike H on Fri Feb 12, 2010 9:11 pm, edited 1 time in total.
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
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- Posts: 20285
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#11
V element as a Mains Transformer Winding
Behaviour of real world mains transformers very much depends on two things, the actual mains Voltage going in, and what's called 'regulation'.
'Regulation' is the term used to describe the loss at the output, due to losses in the core, winding resistance and so on, as a percentage. It means the output Voltage drops as the current increases. This is easily simulated by setting an appropriate impedance for the winding.
If the manufacturer was sensible he would have added so many percent extra turns to the winding to compensate for this Voltage drop, usually at the maximum current rating for the winding. This explains why if you meaure a transformer's secondaries if just connect it to the mains and nothing else, without any load, the Voltages are likely to appear to be too high.
mains: your actual mains Voltage. Can vary!
Tpri: what mains Voltage the transformer expects. I.e. what it's wound for.
Trms: the secondary AC r.m.s. Volts, as 'what it's supposed to be' or is labelled as.
TImax: the maximum rated output current for the winding. (r.m.s.)
Treg: the percent regulation. 10% is typical. Means the secondary will have 10% extra turns.
The parameters for the V element are:
V1 SINE(0 {Tsec} 50)
and ~
Rser={(Trms*(Treg/100))/TImax}
As my mains can more often than not be 220, doing the sim as above shows why the Voltages I typically measure in my circuits are low! Especially as an HT winding is usually some step-up from the mains, so the difference can be quite marked.
.
Behaviour of real world mains transformers very much depends on two things, the actual mains Voltage going in, and what's called 'regulation'.
'Regulation' is the term used to describe the loss at the output, due to losses in the core, winding resistance and so on, as a percentage. It means the output Voltage drops as the current increases. This is easily simulated by setting an appropriate impedance for the winding.
If the manufacturer was sensible he would have added so many percent extra turns to the winding to compensate for this Voltage drop, usually at the maximum current rating for the winding. This explains why if you meaure a transformer's secondaries if just connect it to the mains and nothing else, without any load, the Voltages are likely to appear to be too high.
Code: Select all
.param mains=230
.param Tpri=240
.param Trms=450
.param TImax=0.25
.param Treg=10
.param Tover=Trms*(1+(Treg/100))
.param Tratio=Tover/Tpri
.param Tsec=(mains*Tratio)*1.414
Tpri: what mains Voltage the transformer expects. I.e. what it's wound for.
Trms: the secondary AC r.m.s. Volts, as 'what it's supposed to be' or is labelled as.
TImax: the maximum rated output current for the winding. (r.m.s.)
Treg: the percent regulation. 10% is typical. Means the secondary will have 10% extra turns.
The parameters for the V element are:
V1 SINE(0 {Tsec} 50)
and ~
Rser={(Trms*(Treg/100))/TImax}
As my mains can more often than not be 220, doing the sim as above shows why the Voltages I typically measure in my circuits are low! Especially as an HT winding is usually some step-up from the mains, so the difference can be quite marked.
.
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
- Amstrad Tower of Power
- Posts: 20285
- Joined: Sat Oct 04, 2008 5:38 pm
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- Contact:
#12
How To Use The Lamp Model To Represent A Valve Heater Filament
Example: 6SN7 (octal double-triode)
The lamp component includes two default spice lines (1W panel lamp). These need to be edited as follows:
SpiceLine: UNOM=6.3V PNOM=3.78W
SpiceLine2: RCOLD=1.6 TCOLD=25 TAU=10s TAMB=25
UNOM: the supply Voltage
PNOM: the power in Watts. A 6SN7 heater is 600mA (when running at full temperature), therefore this is obtained from: 6.3 x 0.6, = 3.78 Watts.
RCOLD: the filament's resistance when cold. Get an actual 6SN7 and measure it. (1.6 Ohms)
TCOLD: i.e. room temperature. Default 25 degrees C (can be changed).
TAU: the 'warm-up' time in seconds. A 6SN7 isn't that slow, but lets be generous and say 10 seconds. If you want to be more accurate I guess you'd have to observe a real one doing it, with a stop-watch
Best run with something like:
.tran 30 startup
What's surprising is the massive surge current on 'switch on', even allowing for 10% regulation for a 1A heater winding (see about 'V' as a transformer winding above). If you had several of these things in parallel it's little wonder that a 1A mains fuse isn't big enough
.
Example: 6SN7 (octal double-triode)
The lamp component includes two default spice lines (1W panel lamp). These need to be edited as follows:
SpiceLine: UNOM=6.3V PNOM=3.78W
SpiceLine2: RCOLD=1.6 TCOLD=25 TAU=10s TAMB=25
UNOM: the supply Voltage
PNOM: the power in Watts. A 6SN7 heater is 600mA (when running at full temperature), therefore this is obtained from: 6.3 x 0.6, = 3.78 Watts.
RCOLD: the filament's resistance when cold. Get an actual 6SN7 and measure it. (1.6 Ohms)
TCOLD: i.e. room temperature. Default 25 degrees C (can be changed).
TAU: the 'warm-up' time in seconds. A 6SN7 isn't that slow, but lets be generous and say 10 seconds. If you want to be more accurate I guess you'd have to observe a real one doing it, with a stop-watch
Best run with something like:
.tran 30 startup
What's surprising is the massive surge current on 'switch on', even allowing for 10% regulation for a 1A heater winding (see about 'V' as a transformer winding above). If you had several of these things in parallel it's little wonder that a 1A mains fuse isn't big enough
.
- Attachments
-
- heater-demo-6SN7.gif (6.6 KiB) Viewed 35621 times
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."
- Mike H
- Amstrad Tower of Power
- Posts: 20285
- Joined: Sat Oct 04, 2008 5:38 pm
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#15
NTC Thermistors
As per Rapid and RS stocks. End bunch are inrush limiters.
These include a self-heating model.
As per Rapid and RS stocks. End bunch are inrush limiters.
These include a self-heating model.
- Attachments
-
- NTC Thermistors.zip
- (1.72 KiB) Downloaded 2240 times
"No matter how fast light travels it finds that the darkness has always got there first, and is waiting for it."